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Road-effect zone
The Road-effect zone is the area in which effects on the natural environment extend outward from a road. Such effects are substance emissions like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds, biological matter, rubber, or salt, intangible emissions like noise or light, and changes of the micro climate like alterations of wind, water flows, temperature or moisture.
==Range==
Also in science, there is ongoing debate on the width of the road-effect zone, sometimes also called buffer area. Most studies conform to an extension that can range from as little as 20 meters to a width up to two or more kilometers. Jordaan et al.〔Jordaan S.M.; Keith, D.W. & Stelfox, B. 2009. Quantifying land use of oil sands production: a life cycle perspective. Environmental Research Letters, 4: 1-15〕 find an area of 100 meters significantly impacted, Biglin & Dupigny-Giroux〔Biglin, K. & Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A. 2006. Mapping the road-effect zone to assess impacts of proposed road segments. Journal of Conservation Planning, 2: 1-16〕 estimate 71.25% of the total impact to lie within the first 300 meters, Deblinger & Forman〔Forman R.T.T. & Deblinger, R.D. 2000. Ecological Road-Effect Zone of a Massachusetts Suburban Highway. Conservation Biology, 14: 36-46〕 suggest an average area of 600 meters to be concerned, and Eigenbrod et al.〔Eigenbrod, F.; Hecnar, S.J. & Fahrig, L. 2009. Quantifying the road-effect zone: threshold effects of a motorway on anuran populations in Ontario, Canada. Ecology and Society, 14: art. 24〕 found a considerably negative effect on differing anuran species for areas of 250 to 1.000 meters.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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